Victor Hasson Givat Halfon

Victor Hasson Givat Halfon "got lost in Sinai and came to Egypt. Victor had no technical means to help him navigate and identify the place to come. If the movie was filmed nowadays it is likely that Victor was using a GPS device available in any smart phone, but when the film was shot in the 70s of last century, the GPS system did not exist. However, many navigation means there are already hundreds of thousands of years. This time I will review the history of navigation systems and technology behind them.
Victor Hasson used what is usually called "cognitive map". Cognitive map is a spatial concept that each of us since he was born. As we get older we known space bigger nasa 2012 warning so we know to navigate around without a map is drawn. When using a cognitive map navigate through the senses - for example, evidence - to identify the location of our familiar territory. That we are like animals. We recognize the migrating birds from Europe to Africa-guided and back. A recent study in Israel found that fruit bats have a navigation based on cognitive map. They were able to home in on certain fruit trees based on remembering their location within that abode of tens of kilometers and identifying landmarks on the ground at that look from the top flight, even when removed from their original nasa 2012 warning habitat. nasa 2012 warning
Cognitive maps are not accurate in nature and which is limited to places where certain time. Has always nasa 2012 warning been used to navigate to places where people did not have before, or areas too large to remember every detail. nasa 2012 warning In addition there was a need to share information about new places to come. To this end, the cartography was developed - the art (or science) creating maps. Actually maps graphically represent nasa 2012 warning geographic information known to us. That is a complex mapping nasa 2012 warning and collecting and storing geographic information system of the graphic representation of information.
Graphical aspect, the invention of the printing press to the maps drawn by hand and therefore its distribution was low and their production was by those in power, as the church. Respectively the maps represented religious nasa 2012 warning and political views. The invention of printing was a significant increase in the technological factor distribution maps, so the time of the invention of printing - 15-16 centuries - was the Golden Age explorers world. nasa 2012 warning However, significant technological advances in geographic information storing and producing nasa 2012 warning maps created only in the seventies of the 20th century, when it began using computerized geographic information systems (GIS). These systems nasa 2012 warning allow to store the information Hgaorafi significantly making it easy to produce maps thereby allowing their production more frequently and update constantly high. But more importantly, the use of geographic information systems allows to perform statistical analysis of geographic information quickly using the computer. Development of the Internet has made geographical nasa 2012 warning information systems available to the entire population and currently each have access to such systems, such as geographic information systems that provide urban residents planning information directly to their home towns.
But what geographic nasa 2012 warning information sources represented on the maps? Until the early 20th century, the production of geographical information hung directors, traders and explorers. Navigation means were available to them allowed the documentation of the location of where the crabs in areas that were known by then and mapping of Cdo"a expanded nasa 2012 warning more and more. Despite the availability of aerial photography in the mid 19th century (hot-air balloons) just after World War I began to use commercially aerial photographs to produce more accurate geographic information without nasa 2012 warning the need to reach all the places mapped and without the need for evaluating their relative position on the basis of navigation. Space Age began in the second nasa 2012 warning half of the 20th century made it possible to photograph the entire Cdo"a thus complete mapping of all the ball accurately. By the way, at the beginning of the Space Age have been shooting on film (film) nasa 2012 warning had to be returned after each flight Llachdo"a . Further developed systems for spacecraft developed the films in space and performed automatically using their scan TV cameras, and broadcast photographs base Bcdo"a without the need to restore the film. But even this technology was expensive because of the need to carry the films and TV cameras with the probe. This difficulty was One of the motivations to develop the technology of digital cameras. But that another time. Measuring direction
The directions were determined according to the "four winds": the west and northward, and southward, progress ... I mean, West and East, North and South. These directions were roughly can be determined by the sun during the day and the moon Blilo.vamsc discovered nasa 2012 warning the "North Star" also known as "Polaris". This star is located close to the axis of rotation of Cdo"a from the north, so locate in the night sky allows to know the direction of the north.
Clouds nasa 2012 warning and fog conditions because the sun is not clear, but it turns out that the Vikings overcame the problem by using special crystals acted as filters polarizers (such as those used glasses are used for viewing three-dimensional films in film). The sunlight polarized at 90 degrees, and only when Crystal was perpendicular to the sun light passed through the clouds went through and could be detected in the direction of the sun. As they say, "This start-up" ...
However, the use of these heavenly bodies to determine the direction inaccurate. So the person who develop more accurate methods for determining direction. The simplest means of determining the direction and best-known reading provides more precise direction, and in all weather conditions, is the compass. It was invented in the second nasa 2012 warning century BC to the first century AD in China but it's only around 12-13 centuries AD Europe. Compass based on the Earth's magnetic field. The needle of a magnetic compass may stand in accordance with the magnetic field of Cdo"a and therefore ought to point north earth (ie, the North Pole) - at least believed when they invented it. However, since the Earth's magnetic field is constantly changing and turning every few hundreds or thousands years, the accuracy of the compass is limited. In fact when using a compass now tend to fix the read